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Electronics

Switching Circuits

Consider an electronic circuit that controls a water heater as shown below. The function of the electronic circuit is to maintain the temperature of the water at a set target value. A thermistor senses the water temperature and the control circuit compares the water temperature against a set temperature value and determines whether the heater should be turned ON or OFF.

Let us denote the value of the thermistor resistance of the set temperature as R_TH-SET. When the water temperature drops, the thermistor resistance increases to a value R_TH-ON at which the heater turns ON. When the water heats up, the thermistor resistance decreases to a value R_TH-OFF at which the heater turns OFF. Which component in the electronic control circuit causes the most variability in the operation of the Relay?

How do we do it?

Our strategy is as follows:

What is needed here is tolerance design. Assume that R_TH-SET is midway between R_TH-ON and R_TH-OFF, as shown below. There will be some variation in R_TH-ON, which turns the heater ON. Similarly, there will also be some variation in R_TH-OFF, which turns the heater OFF. For simplicity we assume that improving the performance of R_TH-ON will also improve the performance of R_TH-OFF. In this case therefore, considering only the case of R_TH-ON, the objective is to identify factors that will reduce the variation in R_TH-ON. This is now a simple experimental procedure.