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	Analytical Techniques
	
	
		
			
				
					ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
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					By Dr. Nicolo Belavendram 
						Design and Production, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya
				
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				For APQP:
				 
					Note that while the phases 1-4 have input - output relationships, this is not usually evident as a direct line.
					 
					Appendix B in the Automotive Industry Action Group's, (AIAG) APQP Reference Manual suggests many different tools and techniques that may be used in APQP. 
				For Six Sigma:
				
					Note the DMAIC methodology is not usually evident as a direct line.
					 
					Many different tools and techniques may be used in Six Sigma. 
				
					To the extent that direct lineation cannot be drawn the process is subject to inter-linking. Thus, if one document is updated there is every change that another related document is not updated. Here, iCT-M software can be of great assistance. 
				
					Many of these tools and techniques require much training and resources. With iCT-M, employers can empower employees to tackle a large number of applets (tools and techniques) including the following: 
				 
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				 7QCT: Seven Quality Control Tools 
				 
				 
				Process Flow Chart, Check List, Cause-Effect Diagram, Pareto Analysis, Histogram, Scatter Plot, SPC
				 
				  
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				  NQCT: New Quality Control Tools 
					 
				Advanced Flow Chart, Affinity Diagram, Characteristics Matrix, Organization Chart, Tree Diagram, Force Field Diagram, Before After Graph, Pareto Comparison, Simple Gantt Chart, Gantt Chart
				 
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				AQCT: Advanced Quality Control Techniques 
				 
				5S Housekeeping, Benchmarking, Innovative Creative Circles 
				 
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				VOC: Voice of Customer 
					 
					Things Gone Right, Things Gone Wrong, Voice of Customer,Kano Analysis 
				 
				 
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				 QFD: Quality Function Deployment 
					 
					Quality Matrix (shown left below), Function Matrix (shown right below), Quality-Function Matrix, Production Matrix, Concept Selection, Service Matrix 
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				 FMEA: Failure Mode Effects Analysis 
					 
				Product, Process, Product & Process, Production 
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				 SPC: Statistical Process Control 
					 
					Machine Capability, Pre-Control Chart, XBar-Sigma Chart, XBar-Range Chart, XInd-RMov Chart, XMov-RMov Chart, Median Chart, d Chart, p Chart, c Chart, u Chart 
				 
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				 AST: Advanced Statistical Techniques
					 
					 
					Frequency Chart, Sampling by Code, Single Sampling Plan, Double Sampling Plan, Acceptance Sampling, Online Quality Control, Weilbull Curves, Constant-Wear, Wear-Out, Failure Pattern, Accelerated Tests, Product Reliability Studies 
				 
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				 MSA: Measurement Systems Analysis 
					 
					Bias, Linearity, Stability, GRR (Short Term), GRR (Long Term), GRR (Anova), GRR (Attribute), Measurement System Evaluation 
				 
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				 HYP: Hypothesis Testing 
					 
					 
					z-Test, t-Test 1 Sample, t-Test 2 Sample, t-Test Paired, One Proportion, Two Proportion, Anova 1 Factor, Anova 2 Factor, Chi-Squared Goodness Of Fit, Chi-Squared Test Of Independence 
				 
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				  DOE: Design of Experiments 
					 
					Variable, Idle Column, Nested Factor, Operating Window, Combination Column, Attribute 
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				 CPM: Control Plan Methodology 
					 
					 
					Prototype Control Plan, Pre-launch Control Plan, Production Control Plan 
				 
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				 DCP: Dynamic Control Plan 
					 
					 
					Proto-type Dynamic Control Plan, Pre-launch Dynamic Control Plan, Production Dynamic Control Plan 
				 
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				 PPAP: Product Part Approval Process 
					 
					 
					APQP Checklist, FER Checklist, Retent-Submit, Part Submission Warrant, Appearance Approval Report, Dimensional Results, Material Test Results, Performance Test Results, PPAP 
				 
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